22 research outputs found

    La dimensión económica de la biodiversidad brasileña

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    [ES]¿Cuánto tiempo viviría la humanidad sin aire puro? ¿Y, sin embargo, se le atribuye el valor correspondiente? Aunque puedan parecer apenas divagaciones filosóficas, esas indagaciones deben ser enfrentadas con responsabilidad por el derecho, porque de ellas depende de manera práctica el futuro de la humanidad. Con ese trabajo se pretende reflexionar sobre interrogantes como ese, porque en cuanto la sociedad no pueda divisar los bienes ambientales como un valor tangible desde el punto d vista económico, no asumirá el encargo de preservarlo y protegerlo. Por lo tanto, para movilizarse em torno de la defensa de esos bienes, la humanidad tendrá que percibir los bienes ambientales como un valor palpable, cuantificable y mensurable. Ya se conoce que los recursos naturales no son renovables, o por lo menos no en un ritmo suficientemente rápido como para mantener el actual nivel de consumo y desarrollo económico de las naciones, en especial de los países desarrollados. Por lo tanto, su destrucción acarreará perjuicios irreversibles para la vida en el planeta. Teniendo ese problema en cuenta, ese trabajo se propone a investigar sobre los valores de los bienes ambientales desde el punto de vista económico, y sobre como el derecho podrá reflejar esa dimensión económica en sus institutos, mecanismos e instrumentos, generando incentivos y desincentivos a las conductas humanas sobre las que tiene incidencia. Con ese objetivo, se estudió la literatura especializada, las decisiones de los tribunales y manifestaciones del Tribunal de Cuentas de la Unión relacionadas a la preservación del medio ambiente, a los instrumentos de protección de los bienes ambientales, a la efectivización de los Principios de Derecho Ambiental, en especial del Principio ¨El que Contamina Paga¨ en la realidad de Brasil. La elección de Brasil como objeto de la investigación se debe al hecho de que ese país presenta riquezas ambientales cuya protección ultrapasa el interés nacional, ya que sus biomas, especialmente Amazonia, contienen altas tasas de biodiversidad, e impactan de manera decisiva en el clima y en el equilibrio ambiental del planeta. Para el fin de desarrollar el tema propuesto, la tesis se forma de 7 capítulos donde se expondrá, inicialmente, en el capítulo 1, el concepto de medio ambiente, bien así los lineamentos generales del marco jurídico ambiental, con el estudio de los principales principios de derecho ambiental. En cuanto al estudio de Principio de ¨el que contamina, paga¨, el primero capítulo realiza apenas una aproximación, ya que, por su carácter central en el desarrollo del tema de la tesis, requiere una explicación debidamente contextualizada, que será desarrollada de manera más extendida en el capítulo siguiente Además del estudio del principio ¨el que contamina, paga¨, el capítulo 2 trató también de las externalidades negativas generadas por la actividad económica, y de como un sistema económico que no valora económicamente los bienes que no están en el mercado es capaz de crear distorsiones y fomentar esas externalidades. Presenta también algunas técnicas de valoración económica, de manera a reflejar en el mercado y en el cálculo del producto interno neto- PIB las pérdidas. Sin embargo, aunque reconoce el papel esencial de la economía en el direccionamiento de las conductas humanas, la profundización en el campo de la ciencia económica escapa al escopo de ese trabajo. En el capítulo tres se buscó indicar algunos instrumentos concretos que se proponen a efectivizar el susodicho principio ¨el que contamina paga¨, de manera a que el derecho, apoyándose en una estimativa más o menos rigurosa de pérdidas ambientales, busca encaminar las conductas humanas para un convivio harmonioso con la naturaleza. En el capítulo cuatro se propone explicar qué es la biodiversidad, qué son biomas y cuál es su relevancia para el planeta, bien así cuales son los riesgos que conlleva su deterioro. El marco legal de su protección es presentado, con atención para los instrumentos jurídicos tendientes a concretizar el principio ¨el que contamina, paga¨. En el contexto de la discusión sobre la preservación de la biodiversidad brasileña, es importante incluir el tema de la protección de los pueblos indígenas, ya que esas poblaciones poseen una relación estrecha con el medio ambiente, constituyendo factor su protección, y viceversa. Por eso se les dedica un capítulo, donde se pone de relieve los institutos jurídicos que determinan la compensación económica a esas poblaciones por el uso de los recursos de la biodiversidad y de los conocimientos tradicionales asociados. Toda esa riqueza ambiental debe ser protegida por el Estado, de acuerdo con los tratados internacionales, con el Principio de la Protección por el Estado y con la propia Constitución. Sin embargo, existen situaciones en las que el estado no actúa, actúa de manera deficiente o actúa tardíamente en la evitación de los perjuicios al medio ambiente. Ese tema es enfrentado en el trabajo en el capítulo VI, y se conecta con el capítulo final, que trata del control de la actividad administrativa por parte de los tribunales de cuentas, en especial la actividad administrativa relacionada con los temas ambientales. El tema del capítulo 7 es precisamente el control externo protagonizado por los tribunales de cuentas, teniendo en cuenta la dimensión económica de los bienes ambientales, el deber estatal de protección del ambiente y la vocación de esas cortes para medir, estimar, cuantificar y calcular los daños a bienes públicos. Con el fin de averiguar cómo el Tribunal de Cuentas de la Unión- TCU está actuando en la fiscalización y el control de los actos administrativos ante los supuestos de daños ambientales correlacionados con su ámbito de actuación, se investigó las decisiones del tribunal en el período comprendido entre 2009 y 2019. Al final del trabajo se presentará las conclusiones del autor, que no pretenden aportar la respuesta final al problema, pero sí una contribución nueva y una visión distinta el tema, para que el lector, a su vez, tome sus propias conclusione

    Mitochondrial physiology

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    As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

    Mitochondrial physiology

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    As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

    Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

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    Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

    Projetos e práticas de formação de professores: relatos

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    Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

    International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

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    We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN

    Clinical manifestations of intermediate allele carriers in Huntington disease

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    Objective: There is controversy about the clinical consequences of intermediate alleles (IAs) in Huntington disease (HD). The main objective of this study was to establish the clinical manifestations of IA carriers for a prospective, international, European HD registry. Methods: We assessed a cohort of participants at risk with <36 CAG repeats of the huntingtin (HTT) gene. Outcome measures were the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) motor, cognitive, and behavior domains, Total Functional Capacity (TFC), and quality of life (Short Form-36 [SF-36]). This cohort was subdivided into IA carriers (27-35 CAG) and controls (<27 CAG) and younger vs older participants. IA carriers and controls were compared for sociodemographic, environmental, and outcome measures. We used regression analysis to estimate the association of age and CAG repeats on the UHDRS scores. Results: Of 12,190 participants, 657 (5.38%) with <36 CAG repeats were identified: 76 IA carriers (11.56%) and 581 controls (88.44%). After correcting for multiple comparisons, at baseline, we found no significant differences between IA carriers and controls for total UHDRS motor, SF-36, behavioral, cognitive, or TFC scores. However, older participants with IAs had higher chorea scores compared to controls (p 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that aging was the most contributing factor to increased UHDRS motor scores (p 0.002). On the other hand, 1-year follow-up data analysis showed IA carriers had greater cognitive decline compared to controls (p 0.002). Conclusions: Although aging worsened the UHDRS scores independently of the genetic status, IAs might confer a late-onset abnormal motor and cognitive phenotype. These results might have important implications for genetic counseling. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01590589

    Mitochondrial physiology: Gnaiger Erich et al ― MitoEAGLE Task Group

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